Summary 7
l the Dutch colonial period (1800–1942)
l Islamic schools Hindu schools Christian missionary schools
l Dutch language education was very limited
l the Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
l The choice of ‘Indonesian’ as the national language
l Javanese
l independence in 1945, Indonesian became the official language
l literacy
l some role for local languages at the initial level of instruction
l Balinese
l English at university level
l the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
l French, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic
l English in the curricula for junior and senior high schools in 1967
l In 1989, English as a compulsory subject in secondary school
l teacher quality
l 2003 ‘International Standard Schools’ (Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional (SBI).
l In 1990 English taught from the fourth grade
l English taught at least once a week and for 70 minutes.
l there is no centrally developed curriculum
l a lack of resources and inadequately prepared/trained teachers
l language education policy in Indonesia is promoting Indonesian as the national language
l English remains the second language of education
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